Khayyam, Omar

The Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám (Persian: رباعیات عمر خیام) is the title that Edward FitzGerald gave to his translation of a selection of poems, originally written in Persian and of which there are about a thousand, attributed to Omar Khayyám (1048–1131), a Persian poet, mathematician and astronomer. A Persian ruba'i is a two line stanza with two parts (or hemistechs) per line, hence the word "Rubáiyát", (derived from the Arabic root word for 4), meaning "quatrains".

Contents 1 Translations 1.1 Edward FitzGerald versions 1.2 Graf von Schack 1.3 Friedrich von Bodenstedt 1.4 Edward Henry Whinfield 1.5 J.B. Nicolas 1.6 John Leslie Garner 1.7 Justin Huntly McCarthy 1.8 Richard Le Gallienne 1.9 Edward Heron-Allen 1.10 Franz Toussaint 1.11 A. J. Arberry 1.12 Robert Graves and Omar Ali-Shah 1.13 Peter Avery and John Heath-Stubbs 1.14 Karim Emami 1.15 Ahmed Rami 1.16 Other languages 2 Authenticity and analysis 3 Mystical interpretation 4 Influence 5 Anniversary events 6 References 7 External links

[edit] Translations

The nature of a translation very much depends on what interpretation one places on Khayyam's philosophy. The fact that the rubaiyat are a collection of quatrains - and may be selected and rearranged subjectively to support one interpretation or another - has led to widely differing versions. Nicolas took the view that Khayyam himself clearly was a Sufi. Others have seen signs of mysticism, even atheism, or conversely devout and orthodox Islam. FitzGerald gave the Rubaiyat a distinct fatalistic spin, although it has been claimed that he softened the impact of Khayyam's nihilism and his preoccupation with the mortality and transience of all things. Even such a question as to whether Khayyam was pro- or anti-alcohol gives rise to more discussion than might at first glance have seemed plausible.

[edit] Edward FitzGerald versions

The translations that are best known in English are those of about a hundred of the verses by Edward FitzGerald (1809–1883).

• 1st edition – 1859
• 2nd edition – 1868
• 3rd edition – 1872
• 4th edition – 1879
• 5th edition – 1889

Of the five editions published, four were published under the authorial control of FitzGerald. The fifth edition, which contained only minor changes from the fourth, was edited after his death on the basis of manuscript revisions FitzGerald had left.

FitzGerald also produced Latin translations of certain rubaiyat.

As a work of English literature FitzGerald's version is a high point of the 19th century and has been greatly influential. Indeed, The term "Rubaiyat" by itself has come to be used to describe the quatrain rhyme scheme that FitzGerald used in his translations: AABA.^{[citation needed]}

However, as a translation of Omar Khayyam's quatrains, it is not noted for its fidelity. Many of the verses are paraphrased, and some of them cannot be confidently traced to any one of Khayyam's quatrains at all. Some critics informally refer to the FitzGerald's English versions as "The Rubaiyat of FitzOmar", a nickname that both recognizes the liberties FitzGerald inflicted on his purported source and also credits FitzGerald for the considerable portion of the "translation" that is his own creation.

In fact, FitzGerald himself referred to his work as "transmogrification". "My translation will interest you from its form, and also in many respects in its detail: very unliteral as it is. Many quatrains are mashed together: and something lost, I doubt, of Omar's simplicity, which is so much a virtue in him" (letter to E. B. Cowell, 9/3/58). And, "I suppose very few People have ever taken such Pains in Translation as I have: though certainly not to be literal. But at all Cost, a Thing must live: with a transfusion of one’s own worse Life if one can’t retain the Original’s better. Better a live Sparrow than a stuffed Eagle" (letter to E. B. Cowell, 4/27/59).

Perhaps the most famous of FitzGerald's verses is this one, which can be traced back to at least two original quatrains that FitzGerald conflated into one:

Quatrain XI in his 1st edition: Here with a Loaf of Bread beneath the Bough, A Flask of Wine, a Book of Verse - and Thou Beside me singing in the Wilderness - And Wilderness is Paradise enow.

Quatrain XII in his 5th edition:[1] "A Book of Verses underneath the Bough, A Jug of Wine, a Loaf of Bread--and Thou Beside me singing in the Wilderness-- Oh, Wilderness were Paradise enow!"

Illustration by Edmund Joseph Sullivan for Quatrain 11 of Fitzgerard's First Version. Illustration by Edmund Joseph Sullivan for Quatrain 12 of Fitzgerard's First Version.

The following are several samples of Fitzgerald's translation, concluding with another well-known verse (FitzGerald's quatrain LI in his 1st edition):

[edit] Graf von Schack

Adolf Friedrich von Schack (1815–1894) published a German translation in 1878.

Quatrain 151 (equivalent of FitzGerald's quatrain XI in his 1st edition, as above):

[edit] Friedrich von Bodenstedt

Friedrich Martinus von Bodenstedt (1819–1892) published a German translation in 1881. The translation eventually consisted of 395 quatrains.

Quatrain IX, 59 (equivalent of FitzGerald's quatrain XI in his 1st edition, as above):

[edit] Edward Henry Whinfield

Two English editions by Whinfield (1836-?) consisted of 253 quatrains in 1882 and 500 in 1883.

Quatrain 84 (equivalent of FitzGerald's quatrain XI in his 1st edition, as above):

[edit] J.B. Nicolas

The first French translation, of 464 quatrains in prose, was made by J.B. Nicolas, chief interpreter at the French Embassy in Persia in 1867.

Prose stanza (equivalent of Fitzgerald's quatrain XI in his 1st edition, as above):

Au printemps j’aime à m’asseoir au bord d’une prairie, avec une idole semblable à une houri et une cruche de vin, s’il y en a, et bien que tout cela soit généralement blâmé, je veux être pire qu’un chien si jamais je songe au paradis.

[edit] John Leslie Garner

An English translation of 152 quatrains, published in 1888.

Quatrain I. 20 (equivalent of FitzGerald's quatrain XI in his 1st edition, as above):

[edit] Justin Huntly McCarthy

Justin Huntly McCarthy (1859–1936) (Member of Parliament for Newry) published prose translations of 466 quatrains in 1889.^[2]

Quatrain 177 (equivalent of FitzGerald's quatrain XI in his 1st edition, as above):

In Spring time I love to sit in the meadow with a paramour

perfect as a Houri and goodly jar of wine, and though

I may be blamed for this, yet hold me lower

than a dog if ever I dream of Paradise.

[edit] Richard Le Gallienne

Richard Le Gallienne (1866–1947) produced a verse translation, subtitled "a paraphrase from several literal translations", in 1897. In his introductory note to the reader, Le Gallienne cites McCarthy's "charming prose" as the chief influence on his version. Some example quatrains follow:

[edit] Edward Heron-Allen

Edward Heron-Allen (1861–1943) published a prose translation in 1898. He also wrote an introduction to an edition of Frederick Rolfe (Baron Corvo)’s translation into English of Nicolas’s French translation.

Example quatrain (equivalent of FitzGerald's quatrain XI in his 1st edition, as above):

I desire a little ruby wine and a book of verses,

Just enough to keep me alive, and half a loaf is needful;

And then, that I and thou should sit in a desolate place

Is better than the kingdom of a sultan.

[edit] Franz Toussaint

The best-known version in French is the free verse edition by Franz Toussaint (1879–1955) published in 1924. This translation consisting of 170 quatrains was done from the original Persian text, while most of the other French translations were themselves translations of FitzGerald's work. The Éditions d'art Henri Piazza published the book almost unchanged between 1924 and 1979. Toussaint's translation has served as the basis of subsequent translations into other languages, but Toussaint did not live to witness the influence his translation has had.

[edit] A. J. Arberry

In 1959, Professor A. J. Arberry, a distinguished scholar of Persian and Arabic, attempted to produce a scholarly edition of Khayyam, based on thirteenth-century manuscripts. However, his manuscripts were subsequently exposed as twentieth-century forgeries.^[3]

[edit] Robert Graves and Omar Ali-Shah

While Arberry’s work had been misguided, it was published in good faith. The 1967 translation of the Rubáiyat by Robert Graves and Omar Ali-Shah, however, created a scandal. The authors claimed it was based on a twelfth-century manuscript located in Afghanistan, where it was allegedly utilised as a Sufi teaching document. But the manuscript was never produced, and British experts in Persian literature were easily able to prove that the translation was in fact based on Edward Heron Allen's analysis of possible sources for FitzGerald’s work.^[3][4]

Quatrains 11 and 12 (equivalent of FitzGerald's quatrain XI in his 1st edition, as above):

[edit] Peter Avery and John Heath-Stubbs

A modern version of 235 quatrains, claiming to be "as literal an English version of the Persian originals as readability and intelligibility permit", published in 1979. Their edition provides two versions of the thematic quatrain, the first (98) considered by the Persian writer Sadeq Hedayat to be a spurious attribution.

[edit] Karim Emami

In 1988, for the very first time, the Rubaiyat were translated by a Persian translator.^{[citation needed]} Karim Emami's translation of the Rubaiyat was published under the title "The Wine of Nishapour" in Paris. The Wine of Nishapour is the collection of Khayyam's poetry by Shahrokh Golestan, including Golestan's pictures in front of each poem. Emami was an outstanding translator of English in Iran, who had also translated many contemporary Persian poems along with his translation of Omar Khayyam's Rubaiyat. Emami died of cancer in 2005 at his home in Tehran. His death has been a huge loss to the society of translators and writers in Iran.^[5]

Example from Emami's work:

Example quatrain 160 (equivalent of FitzGerald's quatrain XI in his 1st edition, as above):

[edit] Ahmed Rami

Ahmed Rami, a famous late Egyptian poet, translated the work into Arabic. His translation is considered to be a most fascinating work of modern Arabic literature, and was sung by Umm Khultum.

[edit] Other languages

• Many Russian language translations have been undertaken, reflecting the popularity of the Rubaiyat in Russia since the late 19th century and the increasingly popular tradition of using it for the purposes of bibliomancy. The earliest verse translation (by V.L. Velichko) was published in 1891. The version by Osip Rumer published in 1914 is a translation of FitzGerald's version. Rumer later published a version of 304 rubaiyat translated directly from Persian. A lot of poetic translations (some based on verbatim translations into prose by others) were also written by German Plisetsky, Konstantin Bal'mont, Ts. Banu, I. Tkhorzhevsky, L. Pen'kovsky, and others.
• Poet Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven (1873–1932, author of Die Stem van Suid-Afrika) produced the first translation in Afrikaans. Herman Charles Bosman wrote a translation in Afrikaans published in 1948.
• Eric Hermelin translated the Rubaiyat into Swedish in 1928.
• G Sankara Kurup produced a translation into Malayalam (1932)
• Duvvoori Ramireddy translated the Rubaiyat into Telugu in 1935.
• Maithili Sharan Gupt and Harivanshrai Bachchan translated the book into Hindi in 1959.
• Kantichandra Ghosh, Muhammad Shahidullah (in 1942), Kazi Nazrul Islam (in 1958) and Shakti Chattopadhyay (in 1978) produced translations into Bangla
• D. V. Gundappa translated the work into Kannada as a collection of poems titled "Umarana Osage" in 1952
• Gopal Chandra Kanungo illustrated and translated the book into Oriya in 1954
• Thomas Ifor Rees produced a Welsh translation, published in Mexico City in 1939.
• Francesco Gabrieli produced an Italian translation (Le Rubaiyyàt di Omar Khayyàm) in 1944. Alessandro Bausani produced another translation in 1965.
• Fraînque Le Maistre produced a Jèrriais version (based on FitzGerald's 1st edition) during the German occupation of the Channel Islands 1940–1945.
• Robert Bin Shaaban produced a version in Swahili (dated 1948, published 1952)
• Kerson Huang based a Chinese version on FitzGerald's version.
• In 1990, Jowann Richards produced a Cornish translation.
• Scottish poet Rab Wilson published a version in Scots in 2004.
• Fan Noli produced an Albanian translation, the melody and poetics of which are highly regarded.
• At least four versions exist in the Thai language. These translations were made from the work of Edward FitzGerald many years ago. Their respective authors are HRH Prince Narathip Prapanpong, Rainan Aroonrungsee (pen name: Naan Gitirungsi), Pimarn Jamjarus (pen name: Kaen Sungkeet), and Suriyachat Chaimongkol.
• Haljand Udam produced an Estonian translation.
• The poet J. H. Leopold (1865–1925) rendered a number of Rubaiyat in Dutch.
• The Kurdish poet Hajar translated the Rubaiyat in his Chwar Parchakani Xayam, which is also available as an audiobook in which the narrator sings the verses.
• Armenian poet Kevork Emin has translated several verses of the Rubaiyat.
• The Assyrian journalist and poet Naum Faiq translated the Rubaiyat into the Assyrian language.
• In Finnish language first translations were made by Toivo Lyy in 1929. More recently Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila (1999 and 2008) and Kiamars Baghban with Leevi Lehto (2009) have translated Khayyam in Finnish.
• The earliest translation in Hungarian consisted of a few stanzas taken from the French version of Nicolas, by Béla Erődi in 1919-20. Lőrinc Szabó finalized his translation of the Fitzgerald version in 1943.
• First Czech translator is Josef Štýbr. At first he translated from English (from Fitzgerald´s "translations") (1922), after that from original language (1931). Translation from original can be found on Czech wikisource (770 poems). Next translators are mentioned here.
• The first translator into Slovene was Alojz Gradnik, his translation being published in 1955.^[6]
• The first translation of nine short poems into Serbo-Croatian was published in 1920, and was the work of Safvet beg Bašagić. In 1932, Jelena Skerlić-Ćorović re-published these nine, alongside 75 more poems. In 1964, a noted orientalist Fehim Bajraktarević published his translation of Rubaiyat.^[7]
• Hồ Thượng Tuy translated from English into Vietnamese (from FitzGerald’s 1st edition) in 1990.
• Nguyễn Viết Thắng produced a Vietnamese translation of 487 rubaiyat, translated from English and Russian in 1995, published in Hanoi in 2003.
• Xabier Correa Corredoira published a galician translation in 2010^[8]

[edit] Authenticity and analysis

The number of quatrains attributed to Khayyam varies from about 1,200 (according to Saeed Nafisi) to over 2,000. Many scholars believe that not all the attributed quatrains are authentic and some have been added to Khayyam's Diwan in later years for various reasons. A few literary researchers, for example, Mohammad-Ali Foroughi and Farzaneh Aghaeipour^[9] have selected and published a subset of the quatrains believed to be original using various research methods.

[edit] Mystical interpretation

"Wine of the Mystic" by Paramahansa Yogananda, is an illustrated interpretation of the FitzGerald translation. Each quatrain is accompanied with Persian text, a glossary of terms, Yoganada's spiritual interpretation, and practical interpretation. It won the 1994 Benjamin Franklin Award in the field of Religion. Yogananda makes an argument for the mystical basis of Khayyam's Rubaiyat.

[edit] Influence

Like Shakespeare's works, Omar Khayyám's verses have provided later authors with quotations to use as titles:

• The title of Rex Stout's Nero Wolfe novel Some Buried Caesar comes from one of the Tentmaker's quatrains (FitzGerald's XVIII), for example.
• Eugene O'Neill's drama Ah, Wilderness! derives its title from the first quoted quatrain above.
• Agatha Christie used The Moving Finger as a story title, as did Stephen King. See also And Having Writ….
• Lan Wright used Dawn's Left Hand as the title of a science fiction story serialised in New Worlds Science Fiction January-March 1963.

The British composer Granville Bantock produced a choral setting of FitzGerald's translation 1906-1909.

The American author O. Henry humorously referred to a book by "Homer KM" with the character "Ruby Ott" in his short story "The Handbook of Hymen.[1]" O. Henry also quoted a quatrain from the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam in "The Rubaiyat of a Scotch Highball."

Using FitzGerald's translation, the Armenian-American composer Alan Hovhaness set a dozen of the quatrains to music. This work, The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, Op. 308, calls for narrator, orchestra, and solo accordion.

The American horror authot H_P_Lovecraft created an arab poet Abdul Alhazred to whom was attributed a couplet: "That is not dead which can eternal lie And with strange aeons even death may die." Lovecraft was obsessed with the Arabian Nights and had no doubt read the Fitzgerald translation - the couplet follows Fitzgerald's metre and rhyme pattern for the first half of a Khayyam quatrain.

The artist/illustrator Edmund Dulac produced some much-beloved illustrations [2] for the Rubaiyat, 1909.

Filmmaker D.W. Griffith planned a film based on the poems as a follow up to Intolerance in 1916. It was to star Miriam Cooper, but when she left the Griffith company the plans were dropped;^[10] he would ultimately film Broken Blossoms instead.

The Argentinian writer Jorge Luis Borges discusses The Rubaiyat and its history in an essay, "The Enigma of Edward FitzGerald" ("El Enigma de Edward FitzGerald") in his book "Other Inquisitions" ("Otras Inquisiciones", 1952). He also references it in some of his poems, including "Rubaiyat" in "The Praise of the Shadow" ("Elogio de la Sombra", 1969), and "Chess" ("Ajedrez") in "The Maker" ("El Hacedor", 1960). Borges' father Jorge Guillermo Borges was the author of a translation to Spanish of the FitzGerald version of The Rubaiyat.

The Lebanese writer Amin Maalouf based his story "Samarkand" on the life of Omar Khayyam, and the creation of the Rubaiyat. It details the Assassin sect as well, and includes a fictional telling of how the (non-existent) original manuscript came to be on the RMS Titanic.

Science fiction author Paul Marlowe's story "Resurrection and Life" featured a character who could only communicate using lines from the Rubaiyat.

The Supreme Court of the Philippines, through a unanimous opinion penned in 2005 by Associate Justice Leonardo Quisumbing, quoted The Moving Finger when it ruled that the widow of defeated presidential candidate Fernando Poe Jr. could not substitute her late husband in his pending election protest against Philippine president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, thus leading to the dismissal of the protest.

In Cyberflix's PC game, Titanic: Adventure Out of Time, the object is to save three important items, the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, one of Adolf Hitler's paintings, and a notebook that proves German officials were attempting to gain geo-political advantage by instigating communist revolution.

The Rubaiyat was quoted in the 1946 King Vidor Western film "Duel in the Sun," which starred Gregory Peck and Jennifer Jones: "Oh threats of hell and hopes of paradise! One thing at least is certain: This life flies. One thing is certain and the rest is Lies; The Flower that once is blown for ever dies."

A canto was quoted and used as an underlying theme of the 1945 screen adaptation of The Picture of Dorian Gray. "I sent my soul through the invisible, some letters of that after-life to spell, and by and by my soul did return, and answered, 'I myself am Heaven and Hell.'"

Coldcut produced an album with a song called Rubyaiyat on their album, Let us Play! This song contains what appears to be some words from the English translation. See album This was probably influenced by the ambitious 1970 album by jazz-soul harpist Dorothy Ashby, "The Rubaiyat of Dorothy Ashby," which has become something of a cult classic. The lyrics quote from several of the poem's verses, and the tracks' highly stylized and heavily reverberated production values and pop mysticism have made it a favorite of samplers, beat-diggers, and fans of psychedelic jazz and R&B.

In one 6-episode story of The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, Bullwinkle finds the Ruby Yacht of Omar Khayyam in the town of Frostbite Falls (on the shores of Veronica Lake, no less).

Woody Guthrie recorded an excerpt of the Rubaiyat set to music that was released on Hard Travelin' (The Asch Recordings Vol. 3).

In the film The Music Man (based on the 1957 musical), town librarian Marian Paroo draws down the wrath of the mayor's wife for encouraging the woman's daughter to read a book of "dirty Persian poetry." Summarizing what she calls the "Ruby Hat," the mayor's wife paraphrases FitzGerald's Quatrain XII from his 5th edition: "People lying out in the woods eating sandwiches, and drinking directly out of jugs with innocent young girls."

The satirist and short story writer Hector Hugh Monro took his pen name of 'Saki' from Edward FitzGerald's translation of the Rubaiyat.

The Rubaiyat have also influenced Arabic music. Indeed, Oum Koulthoum, a legend of Arabic music, has sung one of those poems and made her song "robaaiyet el khayam" become one of her most beautiful songs.

A copy of the Rubaiyat plays a role in an episode of the TV series New Amsterdam and is shown to be the inspiration for the name of one of the lead character's children, Omar York.

The famed "skull and roses" poster for a Grateful Dead show at the Avalon Ballroom done by Alton Kelley and Stanley Mouse was adapted from Edmund J. Sullivan's illustrations for "The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam".^[11]

The play "The Shadow of a Gunman" by Sean O'Casey contains a reference to the Rubaiyat as the character Donal Davoren quotes "grasp this sorry scheme of things entire, and mould life nearer to the heart's desire."

Wendy Cope's poem "Strugnell's Rubiyat" is a close parody of the FitzGerald translation, relocated to modern day Tulse Hill.

Oliver Herford released a parody of the Rubaiyat called "The Rubaiyat of A Persian Kitten " in 1904, which is notable for its charming illustrations of the kitten in question on his philosophical adventures.^[12]

One of the title pages of Principia Discordia, a co-author of which went by the pen-name Omar Khayyam Ravenhurst, features its own spin on the quatrain most quoted above:

A jug of wine,

A leg of lamb

And thou!

Beside me,

Whistling in

the darkness.^[13]

In the opening chapter of his book God is Not Great, Christopher Hitchens quotes from Richard Le Gallienne translation Khayyam's famous quatrain:
"And do you think that unto such as you
A maggot-minded, starved, fanatic crew
God gave the secret, and denied it me?
Well, well-what matters it? Believe that, too!"

The work influenced the 2004 concept album "The Rubaiyyat of Omar Khayyam" by the Italian group Milargo Acustico.^[14]

The final words of the work, Taman Shod (which translates to 'Ended'), were at the center of the rather bizarre Taman Shud Case along with other connections to the Rubaiyat.

[edit] Anniversary events

2009 marks the 150th anniversary of Fitzgerald's translation, and the 200th anniversary of Fitzgerald's birth. Events marking these anniversaries include:

• The Smithsonian's traveling exhibition Elihu Vedder's Drawings for the Rubaiyat at the Phoenix Art Museum, November 15, 2008–February 8, 2009
• The exhibition Edward Fitzgerald & The Rubaiyat from the collection of Nicholas B. Scheetz at the Grolier Club, January 22–March 13, 2009.
• The exhibition Omar Khayyám. Een boek in de woestijn. 150 jaar in Engelse vertaling at the Museum Meermanno, The Hague, January 31–April 5, 2009
• The exhibition The Persian Sensation: The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam in the West at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at The University of Texas at Austin, February 3–August 2, 2009
• An exhibition at the Cleveland Public Library Special Collections, opening February 15, 2009
• The joint conference, Omar Khayyam, Edward FitzGerald and The Rubaiyat, held at Cambridge University and Leiden University, July 6–10, 2009
• The Folio Society published a limited edition (1,000 copies) of the Rubáiyát to mark the 150th anniversary.^[15]

[edit] References

1. Arabiannights.org
2. Omar Khayyam, Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, translated by Justin Huntly McCarthy MP. [London] : D. Nutt, 1889. (Source: Trinity College Dublin Library)
3. ^ ^{a b} Irwin, Robert. "Omar Khayyam's Bible for drunkards". The Times Literary Supplement. http://tls.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,25336-1947980,00.html. Retrieved 2008-10-05. 
4. Aminrazavi, Mehdi: The Wine of Wisdom. Oneworld 2005, ISBN 1-85168-355-0, p. 155
5. Ups and Downs of Translation, Tehran, 1988, Emami, Karim. Pg 134-169
6. Rubaije Omera Hajjama (Serbian)
7. Rubaije Omera Hajjama (Serbian)
8. Web of the Galician Culture Council
9. "Omar Khayam (in Persian)" (PDF). http://www.afarzaneh.com/khayyam.pdf. Retrieved 2008-01-20. 
10. Cooper, Miriam (1973). Dark Lady of the Silents. Bobbs Merrill. pp. 104. ISBN 0-672-51725-6. 
11. Selvin, Joel. "Alton Kelley, psychedelic poster creator, dies". San Francisco Chronicle. 2008-06-03. Retrieved 2008-06-25.
12. Old Fashioned American Humor
13. Principia Discordia, the book of Chaos, Discord and Confusion
14. "The Rubaiyyat of Omar Khayyam". Valley Entertainment-Hearts of Space Records. http://www.valley-entertainment.com/the-rubaiyyat-of-omar-khayyam.html. Retrieved 23 June 2010.Books By This Author
    • The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam: First, Second and Fifth Editions